⑴ 求圆明园英文导游词,今晚一定要用

yuanmingyuan was built ring the qing dynasty. 本来是康熙皇帝赐给儿子 、后来的雍正皇帝的园林。it took 151 y ears to finish this grand garden. it cover ed 350 hectares at its largest. yuanming yuan was famous for its size, grand buil dings, great architecture and enormous collection of jewelry, books,china, etc. ( 收藏). 它的盛名在欧洲都有流传,被誉为“ 万园之园”、“世界园林的典范”。 it's sad that the uk and french armi es burned down yuanmingyuan and plu ndered the enormous rare collections o f jewelry, books,china, etc. in the garde n. 今天我们能看到的就是圆明园遗址公 园。在游览这些历史遗迹的时候,可不要 忘记英法联军的暴行。

⑵ 谁有今年北京的英文导游词

北京颐和园1998年11月被列入《世界遗产名录》。

颐和园座落于北京西郊,是中国古典园林之首,颐和园是世界上最广阔的皇家园林之一,总面积约290公顷。是世界著名园林之一。

北京西郊的西山脚下海淀一带,泉泽遍野,群峰叠翠,山光水色,风景如画。从公元11世纪起,这里就开始营建皇家园林,到800年后清朝结束时,园林总面积达到了1000多公顷,如此大面积的皇家园林世所罕见。

这个由慈禧太后挪用海军经费建造的园子,由万寿山和昆明湖组成,环绕山、湖间是一组组精美的建筑物,全园分三个区域: 以仁寿殿为中心的政治活动区,以玉澜堂、乐寿堂为主体的帝后生活区,以万寿山和昆明湖组成的风景游览区。全园以西山群峰为借景,加之建筑群与园内山湖形势融为一体,使景色变幻无穷。

万寿山前山的建筑群是全园的精华之处,41米高的佛香阁是颐和园的象征。以排云殿为中心的一组宫殿式建筑群,是当年慈禧太后过生日接受贺拜的地方。万寿山下昆明湖畔,共有273间、全长728米的长廊将勤政区、生活区、游览区联为一体。长廊以精美的绘画著称,计有546幅西湖胜景和8千多幅人物故事、山水花鸟,1992年以“世界上最长的长廊”列入吉尼斯世界之最。

颐和园大约有四大景区。最东边是东宫门区。这一带原为清朝皇帝从事政治活动和生活起居之所,包括朝会大臣的仁寿殿和南北朝房、寝宫、大戏台、庭院等。玉澜堂是光绪皇帝的寝宫,后来又成为囚禁他的地方,现在还能看到当时修筑的封闭通道的高墙。

中间高耸的万寿山前山景区,建筑最多,也最华丽。整个景区由两条垂直对衬的轴线统领,东西轴线就是著名的长廊,南北轴线从长廊中部起,依次为排云门、排云殿、德辉殿、佛香阁等。佛香阁是全园的中心,周围建筑对称分布其间,形成众星捧月之势,气派相当宏伟。

最北部的后山后湖景区,尽管建筑较少,但林木葱笼,山路曲折,优雅恬静的风格和前山的华丽形成鲜明对比。一组西藏建筑和江南水乡特色的苏州街,布局紧凑,各有妙趣。

颐和园的水面占全园面积的四分三,特别是南部的前湖区,烟波淼淼,西望群山起伏、北望楼阁成群;湖中有一道西堤,堤上桃柳成行,6座不同形式的拱桥掩映其中;湖中3岛上也有形式各异的古典建筑;十七孔桥横卧湖上,既是通往湖中的道路,又是一处叫人过目不忘的景点,造型十分优美。

颐和园集中了中国古典建筑的精华,容纳了不同地区的园林风格,堪称园林建筑博物馆。

颐和园中的主体建筑是万寿山上的佛香阁。佛香阁建筑在高21米的方形台基上;阁高40米,有8个面、3层楼、4重屋檐;阁内有8根巨大铁梨木擎天柱,结构相当复杂,为古典建筑精品。

回廊和角亭建筑是园林的常用形式。颐和园的长廊长约728米,为世界长廊之最。廊上绘有图画14000余幅,均为传统故事或花鸟鱼虫。昆明湖东岸的8角重檐廓如亭,也是中国最大的。此外,万寿山顶的无梁殿,全用砖石砌成拱顶,没有一根支撑物,技术水平极高。

颐和园体现出的铸造雕刻技术也是一流水平,如昆明湖东岸的巨大镇水铁牛,形态逼真,背上还铸有铭文;湖北岸的巨大石舫,雕梁画栋,精彩无比。

颐和园的建筑风格吸收了中国各地建筑的精华。东部的宫殿区和内廷区,是典型的北方四合院风格,一个一个的封闭院落由游廊联通;南部的湖泊区是典型杭州西湖风格,一道“苏堤”把湖泊一分为二,十足的江南格调;万寿山的北面,是典型的西藏喇嘛庙宇风格,有白塔,有碉堡式建筑;北部的苏州街,店铺林立,水道纵通,又是典型的水乡风格
1987年12月长城被列入《世界遗产名录》。

中国的长城是人类文明史上最伟大的建筑工程,它始建于2000多年前的春秋战国时期,秦朝统一中国之后联成万里长城。汉、明两代又曾大规模修筑。其工程之浩繁,气势之雄伟,堪称世界奇迹。岁月流逝,物是人非,如今当您登上昔日长城的遗址,不仅能目睹逶迤于群山峻岭之中的长城雄姿,还能领略到中华民族创造历史的大智大勇。

长城位于中国北部,东起山海关,西到嘉峪关,全长约6,700公里,通称万里长城。

长城的修建持续了两千多年,根据历史记载,从公元前七世纪楚国筑“方城”开始,至明代(1368-1644年)共有20多个诸侯国和封建王朝修筑过长城,其中秦、汉、明三个朝代长城的长度都超过了5千公里。如果把各个时代修筑的长城加起来,总长度超过了5万公里; 如果把修建长城的砖石土方筑一道1米厚、5米高的大墙,这道墙可以环绕地球一周有余。

长城的主体工程是绵延万里的高大城墙,大都建在山岭最高处,沿着山脊把蜿蜒无尽的山势勾画出清晰的轮廓,塑造出奔腾飞跃、气势磅礴的巨龙,从而成为中华民族的象征。在万里城墙上,分布着百座雄关、隘口,成千上万座敌台、烽火台,打破了城墙的单调感,使高低起伏的地形更显得雄奇险峻,充满巨大的艺术魅力。

各地的长城景观中,北京八达岭长城建筑得特别坚固,保存也最完好,是观赏长城的最好地方。此外还有金山岭长城、慕田峪长城、司马台长城、古北口长城等。天津黄崖关长城、河北山海关、甘肃嘉峪关也都是著名的长城游览胜地。

中国万里长城是世界上修建时间最长,工程量最大的冷兵器战争时代的国家军事性防御工程,凝聚着我们祖先的血汗和智慧,是中华民族的象征和骄傲。

根据历史记载,从战国以来,有20多个诸侯国和封建王朝修筑过长城。最早是楚国,为防御北方游牧民族或敌国,开始营建长城,随后,齐、燕、魏、赵、 秦等国基于相同的目的也开始修筑自己的长城。秦统一六国后,秦始皇派著名大将蒙恬北伐匈奴,把各国长城连起来,西起临姚,东至辽东,绵延万余里,遂称万里长城,这就是“万里长城”名字的由来。但今天我们所见到的主要是明长城。

秦长城只有遗迹残存。秦始皇为了修筑长城动用了30万人,创造了人类建筑史上的奇迹。长城的修建客观上起到了防止匈奴南侵,保护中原经济文化发展的积极作用。孙中山先生曾评价:“始皇虽无道,而长城之有功于后世,实上大禹治水等”。

汉代继续对长城进行修建。从文帝到宣帝,修成了一条西起大宛贰师城,东至黑龙江北岸,全长近一万公里,古丝绸之路有一半的路程就沿着这条长城,是历史上最长的长城。 到了明代,为了防御鞑靼、瓦刺族的侵扰,从没间断过长城的修建,从洪武至万历,其间经过20次大规模的修建,筑起了一条西起甘肃的嘉峪关,东到辽东虎山,全长6350公里的边墙。(但据报道,1990年一个徒步走完长城全长的中国人的计步器显示的是6700公里。)

长城有极高的旅游观光价值和历史文化意义。现在经过精心开发修复,山海关、居庸关八达岭、司马台、慕田峪、嘉峪关等处已成为驰名中外的旅游胜地。 蹬高远眺,凭古怀幽,古战场的金戈铁马似乎就在眼前。如今,长城与埃及的金字塔,罗马的斗兽场,意大利的比萨斜塔等同被誉为世界七大奇迹,是中华民族古老文化的丰碑和智慧结晶,象征着中华民族的血脉相承和民族精神。
京天坛1998年11月被列入《世界遗产名录》。

天坛位于北京城南端,是明清两代皇帝祭祀天地之神和祈祷五谷丰收的地方。它的严谨的建筑布局,奇特的建筑结构,瑰丽的建筑装饰,被认为是我国现存的一组最精致,最美丽的古建筑群,天坛不仅是中国古建筑中的明珠,也是世界建筑史上的瑰宝。

天坛东西长1700米,南北宽1600米,总面积为273万平方米。天坛包括圜丘和祈谷二坛,围墙分内外两层,呈回字形。北围墙为弧圆形,南围墙与东西墙成直角相交,为方形。这种南方北圆,通称“天地墙”,象徵古代“天圆地方”之说。外坛墙东、南、北三面均没有门,只有西边修两座大门--圜丘坛门和祈谷坛门(也称天坛门)。而内坛墙四周则有东、南、西、北四座天门。内坛建有祭坛和斋宫,并有一道东西横墙,南为圜丘坛,北为祈谷坛。

除祈谷坛和圜丘坛之外,天坛还有两组与众不同的建筑群,即斋宫和神乐署。 斋宫实际是座小皇宫,是专供皇帝举行祭祀礼前斋戒时居住的宫殿,也有城河围护。 神乐署则是隶属于礼部太常寺之下,专门负责祭祀时进行礼乐演奏的官署。它是一个常设机构,拥有数百人的乐队和舞队,平时进行排练,祭祀时负责礼乐。署衙的位置在外坛西部,与斋宫隔墙相邻,是一组标准的衙署建筑。

天坛面积辽阔,相当于紫禁城的四倍。在极小占地的建筑周围种植着苍松翠柏,深绿颜色在古代表示崇敬、追念和祈求之意。这也是在坛、庙、陵寝种植松柏的原因。

进入天坛,树木葱郁,尤其在南北轴线和建筑群附近,更是古柏参天,树冠相接,把祭坛烘托得十分肃穆。据统计,天坛仅古柏就有4000株。
2000年11月30日,在澳大利亚凯恩斯召开的第24届世界遗产委员会会议作出决定,将中国的三处明清皇家陵寝--明显陵(湖北钟祥市)、清东陵(河北遵化市)、清西陵(河北易县)列入世界遗产名录。

明显陵

明显陵位于湖北省钟祥市城东7.5公里纯德山的明显陵,是明世宗嘉靖皇帝的父亲恭睿皇帝和母亲章圣皇太后的合葬墓,始建于明正德十四年(1519),圆陵墓面积1.83平方公里,是我国中南地区唯一的一座明代帝王陵墓,是我国明代帝陵中最大的单体陵墓。其“一陵两冢”的陵寝结构,为历代帝王陵墓中绝无仅有。

明显陵的建筑格局,从整体看,宛如一个巨大的“宝瓶”,分内外围城,外围城高6米,宽1.8米,长3500余米,红墙黄瓦,随山势起伏,雄伟壮观。外围城南端为两重陵门,称新、旧红门。红门内似如游龙的神道连陵寝,神道两侧建有龙凤门,石雕文武臣、 将军、立马、臣马、麒麟、像、骆驼、狮子、獬豸、华表、御碑亭及龙行神道,九曲河蜿蜒其间,其上架有五道汉字白玉石拱桥。内围城建有棱恩门、棱恩大殿、陵恩门、明楼、茔城、瑶台等,建筑宏大,雄伟壮观。特别是呈“8”字形的两大茔城,两座隐密的地下玄宫由瑶台相连,神秘莫测,隐藏着一段动人心魄的宫庭历史。外围城外,原建有陵卫、更铺、军户、礼生乐户等。明显陵布局巧夺天工,工艺浮雕精美绝伦。

优美的自然风光,神奇的风水宝地,雄伟的皇帝陵寝,动人心魄的明宫故事,令游人心迷神摇,留连忘返。

清东陵

清东陵位于河北省遵化市西北三十公里处的马兰峪,界于京津、唐山、承德之中。西距北京一百五十公里,南距唐山一百公里,北距承德一百公里。陵园大小建筑580座。清东陵是葬有顺治、康熙、乾隆、咸丰和同治五个清朝皇帝,再加上孝庄、慈禧和香妃等 161人的大陵园。

清东陵不只占地大,环境也美,群山环抱,树木葱茏。清东陵四面环山,是个方圆四十余里的小盆地,北面昌瑞山正中一峰突起,东西两侧山峰低下,构成一面扇形,西傍层峦叠翠的黄花山,东临蜿蜒起伏的丘陵地带,正南天台烟墩两山对峙形成宽不足五十米的自然口,俗称龙门口。夏季陵区雨水由此泄出,由龙门口向北望,苍山脚下,绿树丛中,古老雄伟的殿台楼阁若隐若现,金黄碧绿的琉璃瓦顶闪烁着迷人的豪光。

公元一六六一年,清代第一帝顺治死去,葬在了东陵,当时一切草创,陵寝规制十分简陋,约在康熙中晚期,康熙皇帝组织了详细测绘和规划。测绘中发现东陵的山脉系承德西南的雾灵山崎岖蜿转二百余里,状似一条张牙舞爪腾空面起的行龙,而陵寝两侧的山势又恰似这条行龙的两根触须。于是就把这条宽三、四十里长二百四十余里的大山划入了陵寝禁区,把陵区划为前圈、后龙即长城以北的风水禁山。把前券后龙的全部居民驱逐外地,为打开风水线,将明代长城经由陵区的一段拆除,在陵区和禁山周围栽置红(内)白(中)青(外)三层界舂、舂界内围以水围墙,把后龙划出三条火道,全长三百八里,各宽二十丈,每条火道每隔七里驻兵一拨,每拨七至九人,防火防汛,防止人民进入禁山,定出法律,陵区内(包括禁山)不许死人埋人、修庙、供神。私入禁山红舂以内者,为首枷号两月期满积边烟瘴地方充军,为从者,枷号一月,杖一百,徒三年。从此,周围六百余里的东陵区内,成了清帝神圣不可侵犯的禁地,这里的居民背井离乡,像牛羊一样被赶到了外地,除了东陵的官员和他们的家属以外,任何人休想再次踏入禁区。

清东陵是我国最后一代王朝——清王朝帝王的主要陵寝之一,(除此尚有东北的永陵、福陵、昭陵,和河北易县西陵,规模都不及东陵大,清朝统治者驱使了我国数以千百万计的劳动人民以二百四十多年的时间在这里修筑了一百一十三万平方米的建筑面积,由二百一七座主要单体建筑组成了大小十五所陵园。这比我国最大的古建筑群——北京故宫还大十万平方米。在这一群古代建筑物的下面,埋葬着清代顺治、康熙、乾隆、咸丰、同治等五个皇帝,慈禧等十四名皇后和百余名妃嫔。

清东陵的建筑布局,除昭西陵、惠陵、单成体系外,其它各陵均以顺治孝陵为主,(内葬第一帝顺治和其两名皇后)孝陵前起龙门口内的金形山,北止昌瑞山主峰下的明楼宝顶,全长十一华里,以一条宽三丈六尺的砖石神道贯穿上石牌坊、大碑楼、石人石兽、龙凤门、七孔桥、五孔桥、神道碑亭等一系列附属建筑物,构成一条约偏十五度的中轴线,中轴线以东依次为孝东陵(葬顺治的孝惠皇后和二十八名妃嫔),景陵妃皇寝(葬康熙的四十八名妃嫔)、景陵(葬康熙和其四名皇后和一名皇贵妃)、景双妃园寝(葬康熙的两名皇贵妃)。中轴线以西依次为:裕陵(葬乾隆和其两名皇后、三名皇贵妃)裕陵园寝(葬乾隆的三十六名妃嫔)。定东陵为慈安慈禧并排两太后陵(分葬慈安慈禧二人)。定妃园寝(葬咸丰的十五名妃嫔)、定陵(葬咸丰和其孝德皇后)这些陵寝的正面一律直对金形山,由孝陵主干大神道分出支道,通往各陵,形成一个完整的体系。在这个体系以外的昭西陵,位于整个东陵风水围墙外的大红门东侧,(内葬顺治生母吉特皇后一人)。惠陵、惠妃园寝位于陵寝区的燕南角落,距孝陵主干神路八里左右。(惠陵葬同治和其孝哲皇后,妃园寝中葬四名妃嫔)。

清东陵堪称是清朝遗留的中国文化瑰宝。

清西陵

清西陵位于河北省易县城西十五公里的永宁山下,在北京西南方120公里,是清代帝王陵寝之一,与河北省遵化县东陵东西相对而称西陵。这里埋葬着雍正、嘉庆、道光、光绪四位皇帝及他们的后妃、王爷、公主、阿哥等七十六人。共有陵寝十四座,还在配属建筑行宫、永福寺,这里风景秀丽,环境幽雅,规模宏大,体系完整,是一处典型的清代古建筑群。

雍正8年(1730年)时,以此地"山脉水洁,条理详明",系龙脉吉地而于此兴建泰陵;雍正死后,乾隆继位,父子不葬一地为制,遂形成东、西陵隔辈建陵的现象。

清西陵东起梁各庄、西到紫荆关,南抵大雁桥,北接奇峰岭,占地约一百平方公里,内有帝陵四座—雍正的泰陵、嘉庆的昌陵、道光的慕陵、光绪的崇陵,后陵三座,以及妃嫔、公主、亲王的 园寝七座,而以泰宁山主峰下的泰陵为中心,其他陵园则分布东、西两侧。

西陵的南端入口建有石牌坊,其后依次有大红门、圣德神功碑楼、七孔桥、石像生、龙凤门、神道碑楼,然后是西陵的主陵一泰陵的隆恩门、隆恩殿、方城明楼、宝顶等,这些建筑物以一条南北贯穿、长2.5公里的神道串联起来,入口的石牌坊,东陵只有一座,西陵则建有三座;东陵的石像生、龙凤门是位在七孔桥之后,西陵则在前。

除此之外,西陵的建筑形制大致与东陵相仿。泰陵在清西陵诸陵中兴建年代最早、规模也最大,除了雍正皇帝胤祯之外,还附葬孝敬皇后喇喇氏及敦肃皇贵妃年氏。

泰陵西侧2公里为昌陵,系嘉庆皇帝和孝淑皇后的合葬陵,其隆恩殿以花斑石铺地,为帝陵中所罕见。由昌陵再往西3公里为慕陵,是道光皇帝和孝穆、孝全两位皇后的陵墓。该陵不置方城明楼,规模较小,但其隆恩殿以香气清远的楠 木构筑,且只施雕镂而不著彩绘,在红墙黄瓦、金碧辉煌的建筑群中显得朴实典雅。殿内藻井刻满许多腾云驾雾的飞龙,其用意在藉引龙上天,吞云吐雾而不喷水,以保持陵墓内部乾燥。 崇陵位于泰陵东侧、是光绪皇帝和隆裕皇后的陵墓,始建于宣统元年(1909年),至民国4年(1915年 )竣工,是中国最后一座帝陵。崇陵的地上建筑尚保存良好,色彩仍鲜丽;地宫则已遭盗掘,随葬品尽失,但内壁的佛像、神兽等浮雕精致生动,倒也有一看的价值。 崇陵东侧紧邻著埋葬光绪妃嫔的崇妃陵,珍妃和瑾妃就葬在这里。传说珍妃系被推下紫禁城内的一口井里而死,尸体捞上来后就葬此地。
祈谷坛上为祈年殿。殿高33米,直径24.2米,宏伟壮观,气度非凡,是昔日北京的最高建筑之一。祈年殿建于明永乐十八年(1420年)取名大祀殿,为宽12间,纵深36间的黄瓦玉陛重檐垂脊的方形大殿。大祀殿与其说是祭坛,不如说是一座宫殿,后来嘉靖皇帝旨意拆除,并于1545年在大祀殿原址上建成大享殿,清王朝建立后,用它来举行祈谷礼。1751年,正式将大享殿更名为祈年殿。清干隆十六年(1751年)重修祈年殿,更换蓝瓦金顶。光绪十五年(1889年)八月二十四日,雷雨交加,祈年殿不幸被雷电击中,焚烧。因楹柱为檀香木,香飘数里。

据传,北京古建筑材料中有着名的四宝,即祈年殿沉香木楹柱,太庙前殿正中三间沉香木梁柱,颐和园佛香阁内铁梨木通天柱,谐趣园中涵远堂内沉香木装修格扇。现在所看到的祈年殿,是雷击后重修的,其形状和结构都与原来的一样。

祈年殿是一座宏伟而又极具民族风格的独特建筑,鎏金宝顶三层出檐的圆形攒尖式屋顶,覆盖着象徵“天”的蓝色琉璃瓦,层层向上收缩,檐下的木结构用和玺彩绘,坐落在汉白玉石基座上,远远望去,色彩对比强烈而和谐,上下形状统一而富于变化。它的构造比皇穹宇复杂,外部是三层高阁,内部则是层层相叠而环接的穹顶式,仿佛像砖砌的券殿,但又没有一砖一石,全部采用木结构,28根大柱支撑着整个殿顶的重量。内外楹柱各12根,中间四根楹柱叫通天柱或龙井柱,高18.5米,大头直径1.2米,古镜式的柱础,海水宝相花的柱身,沥粉堆金,支撑着殿顶中央的“九龙藻井”。

三音石:皇穹宇殿门外是一条由大长方石铺成的甬路,站在甬道第三块石板上,敝开殿门,并将全殿窗户紧闭,使殿门到殿内正中神龛之间没有任何障碍物,然后面对殿门说话,就可以听到非常洪亮的三声回声,而且站在殿外任何地方都可以听到。由于这声音是在供奉“皇天上帝”的建筑里发出来的,而且回声很大,因而就有“人间偶语,天闻若雷”之说。于是又称这些石板为“天闻若雷石”。还称这些石板为“三才石”,即取天、地、人三才之意。人们必须是站在人石上说话,为让“皇天上帝”听到,还必须打开殿门,而说话的回声便是“皇天上帝”的回答。

其实,这种奇妙的现象,正是因为皇穹宇的殿门高,而石阶下面的第三块石板和殿门以及殿内神龛上面的殿顶形成一条直角三角形的斜边。站在第三块石板上说话,声波可以沿着斜线直接传入殿内,碰到圆形殿壁、殿顶后再返回殿外。又因第三块石板位于垣墙的中心,所以站在这里击掌,都能听到它的回声,只是由于声波传播的距离不同,所以才会听到次数不同的回声。由于其他石板与殿门和殿内的壁三点之间难以形成直角三角形的斜线,所以即使站在那里的其它石板上击掌或说话,就不可能听到回声。

回音壁就是皇穹宇的围墙。墙高3.72米,厚0.9米,直径61.5米,周长193.2米。墙壁是用磨砖对缝砌成的,墙头覆着蓝色琉璃瓦。围墙的弧度十分规则,墙面极其光滑整齐,对声波的折射是十分规则的。只要两个人分别站在东、西配殿后,贴墙而立,一个人靠墙向北说话,声波就会沿着墙壁连续折射前进,传到一、二百米的另一端,无论说话声音多小,也可以使对方听得清清楚楚,而且声音悠长,堪称奇趣,给人造成一种“天人感应”的神秘气氛。所以称之为“回音壁”。

圜丘坛在天坛南半部,始建于嘉靖九年(1530年),坐北朝南,四周绕以红色宫墙,上饰绿色琉璃瓦,俗称“子墙”。子墙四周各有一大门。北门叫成贞门,也称北天门;东门叫泰元门,也称东天门;西门叫广利门,也称西天门。南面正门叫昭亭门,也称南天门。每座门上题有满汉合璧门额。将各门名称的第二个字顺序排列为元、享、利、贞。这种排列据是据《周易》的“干卦四德”而定。“元”,代表始生万物,天地生物无偏私;“享”为万物生长繁茂享通;“利”,为天地阴阳相合,从而使万物生长各得其宜;“贞”,为天地阴阳保持相合而不偏,以使万物能够正固而持久。

皇帝每年祭天时,都从西边牌楼下轿,然后步入昭亭门,进昭亭门到圜丘坛。四周绕有两层名叫 墙的蓝色琉璃瓦矮墙。第一层墙为方形叫外;第二层墙为圆形叫内 ,象徵“天圆地方”。 内中央处,就是祭天台(也叫拜天台),即圜丘台。

台面墁嵌九重石板,是象徵九重天的意思。所谓九重天,即:第一重日天;第二重月天;第三重金星天;第四重木星天;第五重水星天;第六重火星天;第七重土星天;第八重二十八宿天;第九重为宗动天,即上帝的起居室。每当祭天时,在坛台中央的太极石上供奉着皇天上帝牌,外面支搭蓝色缎幄帐,象徵皇天上帝居住在九天之上。古代中国认为天属阳,地属阴,引申开来,奇数属阳,偶数属阴。圜丘之所以都用奇数去构筑,就是因为它们都是阳数。而在10以下,最大的阳数是9,引申下去,9就是最大、无限、至极的意思。中国过去皇帝称为“九五之尊”,中国古诗词中也有“九霄”、“九天”、“九重天”……其中的“九”都是这个意思。圜丘在建筑设计中使用奇数,而且反复使用其中“九”的倍数,正是中国古代匠师对这种概念的运用和发挥,使“天”的观念能在祭祀建筑中更好地体现。

圜丘台中心是一块呈圆形的大理石板,称作天心石,也叫太极石。从中心向外围以扇形石。上坛共有九环,每环扇形石的数目都是“九”的倍数。一环的扇面石是9块、二环18块、三环27块,……九环81块取名九九。中层坛从第十环开始,即90块扇面石,直至十八环,为126块九组成,下层坛从十九环开始,至第二十七环,扇面石243块。三层坛共有378个“九”,合计用扇面石3402块。

站在圜丘台中间的圆心石上轻轻唤一声,就立即从四面八方传来回声,好似众人齐鸣,一呼百应。封建帝王附会说这是皇天上帝在向凡人发出“圣谕”。其实,这种现象是声波被阻的回音。从圆心石发出的声波传到四周的石栏以后,就同时从四周迅速反射回来,声波振动较大;又由于圜丘坛的半径较短,所以回声很快。据测试,从发音到声波返回到圆心的时间,总共只有0.07秒,所以站在圆心石上的人听起来,声音格外响亮。因此,圜丘坛上的圆心石又称为“亿兆景从石”。

长城

北京故宫

北京颐和园

北京天坛

秦始皇陵及兵马俑坑

周口店北京猿人遗址

泰山风景名胜区

武陵源风景名胜区

丽江古城

苏州古典园林

皖南古村落—西递宏村

西藏拉萨布达拉宫

江西庐山风景名胜区

山西平遥古城

四川九寨沟风景名胜区

武当山古建筑群

明清皇家陵寝

四川黄龙风景名胜区

承德避暑山庄及周围寺庙

孔庙、孔府、孔林

黄山风景区

重庆大足石刻

甘肃敦煌莫高窟

峨眉山--乐山大佛

武夷山

龙门石窟

都江堰--青城山

云冈石窟

⑶ 颐和园(导游词)

颐和园导游词
大家好,我是刘导,很高兴认识大家,今天将由我带领大家一起游览颐和园公园。
颐和园始建于1750年的乾隆十五年,最早的时候颐和园叫清漪园,据说是为了纪念太后六十岁大寿而所建。由于1860年八国联军入侵北京,导致颐和园被破坏,慈禧太后在1888年修建并改建颐和园,因此清漪园就改为了颐和园。
接下来就要给大家讲解以下颐和园的主要三大景点,第一景点仁寿殿,首先宫殿门口映入眼帘的这个龙头、鹿角、牛蹄、狮尾、鱼鳞的吉祥物,就是古代的瑞兽麒麟,代表吉祥避煞的。仁寿殿主要是政治活动区,是清朝末期慈禧与光绪从事内政、外交政治活动的主要场所。这里也曾是中国变法维新运动的策划地,光绪皇帝曾带领一批人在此展开了维新运动,变法失败后,仁寿殿就被清政府慈禧给占据了。
听了我的介绍,大家明白仁寿殿是什么样的一个宫殿了吗?下面我们去第二大景点乐寿堂、玉澜堂、宜芸馆参观一下吧。
相传,乾隆皇帝为了孝敬母亲,于是修造了乐寿堂宫殿,提起“乐、寿”二字,可追溯到孔子时代,他有一句话的意思是知道声乐者,必会长寿。于是,乾隆皇帝为了孝敬老母亲,便以此二字来命名这座宫殿。后来,乐寿堂被八国联军烧毁,慈禧就改成了她的寝室,里面构造非常精致,其中有一把扇子,更是彰显了慈禧太后的威仪。
提起玉澜宫,里面就有一个故事,相传戊戎变法失败后,光绪皇帝就被软禁在里面,虽然是监狱,不过里面的设施非常奢华,其中大部分都是生活用品,而且以金器制造,用如今的眼光来审视,那座监狱相当于我们现在住的高级别墅了。
比起玉润宫,宜芸馆就显得素雅多了,它原是藏书之处。芸是一种草药,可以防止书腐烂,宜芸馆因此而得名。
在光绪颐和园时,宜芸馆曾是光绪皇后的寝宫。
接下来,我们要去的是第三大景点,气势磅礴的昆明湖和万寿山!万寿山和昆明湖是颐和园的主要组成部分,万寿山上有许多宫殿景点,多达几十个,其中以佛香阁最为宏大著名,它在一八六零年也遭到八国联军烧毁,之后重建,里面的观影菩萨像高数米,重万斤,很有艺术收藏价值。
昆明湖非常美丽,尤其是玉带桥,请大家仔细观察一下,这座桥有一个拱形的大桥洞,如果你们见过赵州桥,那么做一下比较,就肯定知道这个桥洞比赵州桥的还要大,还要高。大家是不是有些佩服以前的工匠精湛的技术了呢?
经过我的介绍,你们大约对颐和园的景点有了一些了解吧,希望大家能够在这里度过开心的一天。

⑷ 谁能提供圆明园和世界公园的英文导游词!急!

Where is a problem which comes to the visitor of tour in Peking to usually inquire about's ising the beard of Peking together.The beard of Peking originated a dollar generation at the earliest stage together, the most hours contain more than 6000s, the history was the earliest is dynasty the sun avenue and east inside the door four it the one beard of programed together very tidy, beard together and beard together it the distance of was mostly same.South north alignment of general is street, opposite compare breadth, such as from train station in Peking up to dynasty south small street and north small street of avenue inside the sun door, because of past with walk wagon is lord, so also call street.The thing heads for of general is a beard together, opposite more narrow with walk artificial lord, beard together both sides generally and all is four match a hospital.

Divide the line from the geography position, ex- door with the beard of north same sort more breadth, program more tidy, ex- door with south of beard same sort is more narrow, programing is not tidy either.At Manchu dynasty, pure government for the sake of safety, disallow other parts of country to come to personnel in the city to live in the capital city, so the other parts of country person concentrates to live fore door and 崇 text door outside, also therefore became an ex- door business district;Many in the foreign personnel is come to city to rush through to test of raise a person, so became the azure stone factory cultural street, there are many amusement places in overpass region, the theater in Peking also all concentrates in the south city.

The place of common people concentration activity inside city in Peking is in the sea of 什刹 a take.

Because the beard of Peking isn't together concentrated, generally also impassability car, sight-see more tired, this station chose some beards together of photograph with provide the understanding beard the together general circumstance.
"Beard in money City together" is together the most narrow beard of Peking(left diagram and descend diagram), locating an ex- door outside jewelry City avenue.In the past this beard together all of insides were together money shops, so called beard in money City.The beard wins the most narrow place to only have 80 cms of the breadths together, two people meet only the side wear body and then can pass by.The beard is together long to be about 3410 meters.

Old Peking beard together

The beard is together a great special features of Peking.When a modernize international metropolis in the beard together of ruins up rise straight from the ground of time, people are worrying:Would the beard elapse together?As it does probably just, someone again 拣 has 1 to seem to be an old topic:Beard together is how become streets and lanes of name of?Is this phrase to how builds out?Put forward new look, so today again old words heavy say.
A, "beard together" isn't a Chinese language at the beginning
Beard same phrase sees a various dollar a miscellaneous song at the beginning.Close 汉卿《 sword meeting 》medium, there is the language of"kill a blood beard together".Dollar miscellaneous play 《sand door the island piece living to cook sea 》medium, the piece feather asks plum joss-stick:"Where is your house lived?"The plum joss-stick says:"My house lives the brick tower son beard together."The brick tower beard is together four south avenues at the west, the place name didn't change up to now.Dollar person bear dream 祥著《the ambition of 析津》medium say understand:"The beard is two words this dialect."Dialect where, dollar mostly of.Clear person the placard says further in 《 the 宛 office miscellaneously record 》 :Beard together this person's language.Since is a dollar person's language, that can't be the Chinese language.The dollar generation divides the line a person to four to wait:Mongols, the eyes person of the color, Hahn people, south person.So-called Hahn people, point Hahn people, female true person, the person of 契丹 , tall 丽 person of north.These four kinds of people not same race, also don't use same language.So"dollar person's language"'s ising also affirmative isn't "south person's language", as for color eyes person, include of the race is more.For this reason"dollar person's language" can be a language Mongolia.
Three, the strange name is original in the transliteration
Some beards in Peking together of name ream the person is strange, can't explain because of using Chinese language.But, if the name making these beards becoming Mongolia the language together, very hermeneutic.Try to raise several example:The excrement hull 郎 beard together, this name has another unpleasant to hear, much ugly!Why do the at the beginning this place residents start to want so name?In fact this name translate Mongolia the language is "sweet water well"!There is one"墨 river beard together" in the dynasty, Mongolia the meaning of the language is "have the well of flavor son", being probably polluted.In addition, such as drum 哨 beard together(or write to do hoop 筲 a beard together), hard water well;Chrysanthemum son beard together or bureau son beard together, double well;碾 Son beard together or 辇 son beard together, thin well;Ba's son beard together, small well;The horse good beard together or the beard of 蚂螂 provide the well of animal drinking together and particularly ……
There is still not a few" hat beard together" in Peking."Hat beard together" Mongolia language is bad well, break well of meaning, plus one surname before, express this bad well belongs to the a certain and privately owned.This not is lead long strong false assumption, the white hat beard has one"white return to beard together" together and side and once, elucidation here once is a white surname the 穆斯 wood's residence.But there is once one"house beard together" in"pig hair beard together" neighborhood, explained to really once live here surname somebody else.茅 Beard's ising together nearby is the red bayberry bamboo inclined street.
这些应该够了吧``不够在给我发邮件我给你发``[email protected]

⑸ 颐和园的导游词

大家好,我是你们的导游——王导,今天就由我来给大家讲解颐和园的风景名胜。

请大家随着我走。现在,我手指的这个是著名的长廊。这个长廊可不一般。它全长700多米,分成273间。大家可以看到,每间的横槛上都有许多五彩图画,画得各式各样,有人物、花草、风景,几千幅画没有哪两幅是相同的。难怪被称为“世界第一廊”。


大家往前看,这就是碧波荡漾的昆明湖。这片湖静得像一面镜子。游船经常从这里经过,大家可以听到船上游人们的欢歌笑语。


在昆明湖的上面,就是闻名遐迩的万寿山。站在这里,我们可以看到颐和园的全部风景。站在这里看,整个颐和园真可谓是无比壮观。郁郁葱葱的树丛掩映着黄的绿的琉璃瓦屋顶和朱红的宫墙。


一座八角宝塔形的三层建筑耸立在半山腰上,黄色的琉璃瓦闪闪发光,这就是古香古色的佛香阁。


大家快随我看看这美丽的石桥吧!这座石桥有17个桥洞,叫十七孔桥。桥栏杆上有上百根石柱,柱子上都雕刻着姿态不一的活灵活现的小狮子。


这座在历史上为帝王建造的古典园林,现已成为中国最著名的旅游参观热点之一,每年接待游客数百万人。1986年,颐和园被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产。


大家听了我的介绍,也心动了吧!那就亲自到颐和园看看吧!

⑹ 颐和园内廷英文导游词

Something in brief about the Summer Palace?

Spreadin out some 15 kms away from the city center in the northwestern suburbs of Beijing,the Summer Palace occupies an area of 290 hectares in total,of which three fourths is covered by a pool of water and the rest the land and hills.
Being a summer resort of the Qing royal family the Summer Palace is the most intact,the best preserbed and the largest of its kind of the classical gardens in the country.Starting to be built in 1153,the 1st year under the reign of Zhenyuan of the Kin Dynasty, the garden underwent many a time reconstruction and renovation in the Yuan and Ming dynasties.And still later a large-scale reconstruction was again done on it in the period of Emperor Qianlong's reign of the Qing Dynasty,renaming it the "Garden of Crystal Ripples" when completed.In 1860,it was brought down to ashes by the Anglo-French Allied Army,and being rebuilt in 1886 in the hands of Empress dowager Cixi by embezzling the funds allocated for the builing of the navy,it was again renamed as the "Summer Palace".However,it was destroyed again in 1900 by the Eight Powers Allied Forces and it was rebuilt again in 1903.
其他的就不知道了。。。

⑺ 颐和园长廊英语导游词

大家好,我是你们的导游——王导,今天就由我来给大家讲解颐和园的风景名胜。

请大家随着我走。现在,我手指的这个是著名的长廊。这个长廊可不一般。它全长700多米,分成273间。大家可以看到,每间的横槛上都有许多五彩图画,画得各式各样,有人物、花草、风景,几千幅画没有哪两幅是相同的。难怪被称为“世界第一廊”。

大家往前看,这就是碧波荡漾的昆明湖。这片湖静得像一面镜子。游船经常从这里经过,大家可以听到船上游人们的欢歌笑语。

在昆明湖的上面,就是闻名遐迩的万寿山。站在这里,我们可以看到颐和园的全部风景。站在这里看,整个颐和园真可谓是无比壮观。郁郁葱葱的树丛掩映着黄的绿的琉璃瓦屋顶和朱红的宫墙。

一座八角宝塔形的三层建筑耸立在半山腰上,黄色的琉璃瓦闪闪发光,这就是古香古色的佛香阁。

大家快随我看看这美丽的石桥吧!这座石桥有17个桥洞,叫十七孔桥。桥栏杆上有上百根石柱,柱子上都雕刻着姿态不一的活灵活现的小狮子。

⑻ 颐和园导游词

大家好,欢迎来到北京颐和园玩。请大家注意了,进了颐和园的大门,请不要乱冷垃圾,谢谢合作!
首先我向大家介绍一下,北京颐和园它还有另一个名字:皇家园林博物馆。颐和园里有山有水。山是万寿山,水是昆明湖,还有许多名胜古迹。进了大门,看到的是彩画长廊,这长廊简直就是一幅故事传说的长卷,令人驻足留连。大家请看,长廊有绿漆的柱子,红漆的栏杆,一眼望不到头。这长廊很长很长,有七百多米呢!每一间横槛上都画着五彩缤纷的画,这些画画得栩栩如生,一共有几千幅画呢! 大家抬头看一看。很美吧。好了,大家游完长廊,我们就去谐趣园。谐趣园最具有南方水乡特色,园里柳荫夹道,回廊曲折。那飘满水面的荷叶连成一片,密密麻麻。在这茂盛的叶片中,点缀着像星星一样的荷花。大家看,有的荷花展开两三片花瓣,有的还是花骨朵,有的露出了嫩黄的小莲蓬,还有的已全部绽放。从谐趣园过来,就来到了万寿山。
.从万寿山下看,一座宝塔形的三层建筑耸立在半山腰上,金黄色的琉璃瓦闪闪发光,闪烁着金子般的光芒,那就是佛香阁。我们到山顶去看看吧。从佛香阁的前面向下望,颐和园的景色大部分都看到了。大家往左侧看,那就是昆明湖。昆明湖的水很清、很静。待会儿,就去昆明湖看一看.。
从万寿山下来,就是我刚才说的昆明湖。昆明湖围着长长的堤岸,堤上有好几座式样不同的石桥,河两岸还有许多柳树。湖水波光粼粼,蜿蜒飘逸的十七孔桥像一条长龙,横卧在湖面上。大家可以做船去玩一玩,看一看风景。一小时后,到大门口集合。
今天,我们的旅程到这里就结束了,欢迎大家再来游赏。祝大家玩得愉快!

⑼ 故宫英文导游词,70单词左右。急!

这是我云盘里面的,所以是直接复制的,字数很多不要介意哦。也不知道你要哪部分的,你可以自己缩一下。缩减到了午门之前的内容。
FORBIDDEN CITY(紫禁城)
(In front of the meridian gate)
Ladies and Gentlemen: I am pleased to be your guide today.
This is the palace museum; also know as the Purple Forbidden City. It is the largest and most well reserved imperial residence in China today. Under Ming Emperor Yongle, construction began in 1406. It took 14years to build the Forbidden City. The first ruler who actually lived here was Ming Emperor Zhudi. For five centuries thereafter, it continued to be the residence of23 successive emperors until 1911 when Qing Emperor Puyi was forced to abdicate the throne .In 1987, the United Nations Ecational, Scientific and Cultural Organization recognized the Forbidden City was a world cultural legacy.
It is believed that the Palace Museum, or Zi Jin Cheng (Purple Forbidden City), got its name from astronomy folklore, The ancient astronomers divided the constellations into groups and centered them around the Ziwei Yuan(North Star). The constellation containing the North Star was called the Constellation of Heavenly God and star itself was called the purple palace. Because the emperor was supposedly the son of the heavenly gods, his central and dominant position would be further highlighted the use of the word purple in the name of his residence. In folklore, the term ”an eastern purple cloud is drifting” became a metaphor for auspicious events after a purple cloud was seen drifting eastward immediately before the arrival of an ancient philosopher, LaoZi, to the Hanghu Pass. Here, purple is associated with auspicious developments. The word jin (forbidden) is self-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-limits to ordinary people.
The red and yellow used on the palace walls and roofs are also symbolic. Red represents happiness, good fortune and wealth. Yellow is the color of the earth on the Loess Plateau, the original home of the Chinese people. Yellow became an imperial color ring the Tang dynasty, when only members of the royal family were allowed to wear it and use it in their architecture.
The Forbidden City is rectangular in shape. It is 960 meters long from north to south and 750 meter wide from east west. It has 9,900 rooms under a total roof area 150,000 square meters .A 52-meter-wide-moat encircles a 9.9-meter—high wall which encloses the complex. Octagon —shaped turrets rest on the four corners of the wall. There are four entrances into the city: the Meridian Gate to the south, the Shenwu Gate(Gate of Military Prowess) to the north, and the Xihua Gate(Gate of military Prowess) to the north, and the Xihua Gate(Western Flowery Gate )to the west ,the Donghua (Eastern Flowery Gate) to the east.
Manpower and materials throughout the country were used to build the Forbidden City. A total of 230,000 artisans and one million laborers were employed. Marble was quarried from fangshan Country Mount Pan in Jixian County in Hebei Province. Granite was quarried in Quyang County in Hebei Province. Paving blocks were fired in kilns in Suzhou in southern China. Bricks and scarlet pigmentation used on the palatial walls came from linqing in Shandong Province .Timber was cut ,processed and hauled from the northwestern and southern regions.
The structure in front of us is the
FORBIDDEN CITY(紫禁城)
(In front of the meridian gate)
Ladies and Gentlemen:
I am pleased to serve as your guide today.
This is the palace museum; also know as the Purple Forbidden City. It is the largest and most well reserved imperial residence in China today. Under Ming Emperor Yongle, construction began in 1406. It took 14years to build the Forbidden City. The first ruler who actually lived here was Ming Emperor Zhudi. For five centuries thereafter, it continued to be the residence of23 successive emperors until 1911 when Qing Emperor Puyi was forced to abdicate the throne .In 1987, the United Nations Ecational, Scientific and Cultural Organization recognized the Forbidden City was a world cultural legacy.
It is believed that the Palace Museum, or Zi Jin Cheng (Purple Forbidden City), got its name from astronomy folklore, The ancient astronomers divided the constellations into groups and centered them around the Ziwei Yuan(North Star). The constellation containing the North Star was called the Constellation of Heavenly God and star itself was called the purple palace. Because the emperor was supposedly the son of the heavenly gods, his central and dominant position would be further highlighted the use of the word purple in the name of his residence. In folklore, the term ”an eastern purple cloud is drifting” became a metaphor for auspicious events after a purple cloud was seen drifting eastward immediately before the arrival of an ancient philosopher, LaoZi, to the Hanghu Pass. Here, purple is associated with auspicious developments. The word jin (forbidden) is self-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-limits to ordinary people.
The red and yellow used on the palace walls and roofs are also symbolic. Red represents happiness, good fortune and wealth. Yellow is the color of the earth on the Loess Plateau, the original home of the Chinese people. Yellow became an imperial color ring the Tang dynasty, when only members of the royal family were allowed to wear it and use it in their architecture.
The Forbidden City is rectangular in shape. It is 960 meters long from north to south and 750 meter wide from east west. It has 9,900 rooms under a total roof area 150,000 square meters .A 52-meter-wide-moat encircles a 9.9-meter—high wall which encloses the complex. Octagon —shaped turrets rest on the four corners of the wall. There are four entrances into the city: the Meridian Gate to the south, the Shenwu Gate(Gate of Military Prowess) to the north, and the Xihua Gate(Gate of military Prowess) to the north, and the Xihua Gate(Western Flowery Gate )to the west ,the Donghua (Eastern Flowery Gate) to the east.
Manpower and materials throughout the country were used to build the Forbidden City. A total of 230,000 artisans and one million laborers were employed. Marble was quarried from fangshan Country Mount Pan in Jixian County in Hebei Province. Granite was quarried in Quyang County in Hebei Province. Paving blocks were fired in kilns in Suzhou in southern China. Bricks and scarlet pigmentation used on the palatial walls came from linqing in Shandong Province .Timber was cut ,processed and hauled from the northwestern and southern regions.